کوچه پس کوچه های باستان شناسی

اهالی باستان شناس

Excavating with a Trowel

Archeology

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فلسطین اشغالی

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Soghomon

Feb 11 2005, 14:00

Фотографии, памятников в Карвачаре, который вероятно ввиду проблем с произношением кочевниками стал называться сначала "кельвачар"-ом, а потом и вовсе "кельваджаром". (точно также, как и Гандзак (Елизаветполь) стал "гянджаком", а потом "гяджой"). Многие были разрушены варварами за время "кельбаджарицации".

IPB Image

http://armeniadiaspora.com/gallery/archeology/main.html

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:50 قبل از ظهر |

Near Eastern Art and Archaeology

Near Eastern Art and Archaeology

(revised November 2004)

Archaeological research is fundamental to the investigation of the origins and development of the world’s earliest civilizations. The University of Chicago has long played a major role in this enterprise, both in fielding archaeological expeditions in the Near East and in developing new approaches to the interpretation of what has been found. Students of archaeology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations participate in archaeological fieldwork and in a rigorous program of academic study that equips them to become skilled recorders and interpreters of the immense cultural heritage of the Near East. Graduates of this program have successfully pursued professional careers in archaeology in a variety of academic and institutional settings.

    The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations is housed in the premises of the Oriental Institute, a separate research institution that is a major contributor to all fields of ancient Near Eastern studies. The Oriental Institute’s large museum collection, its public education programs, and its long-term research projects (including archaeological expeditions directed by faculty members) provide students with invaluable practical experience.

    Each student is assigned a faculty adviser who designs an academic program that suits the student’s abilities and interests. Any of the archaeology program requirements listed below may be waived by the archaeology faculty as a whole in response to a written petition from the student, although this will be done only in special circumstances. Academic requirements that apply to all graduate students in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations are not repeated here; they are listed in the department’s “Rules and Requirements for the M.A. and Ph.D. Degrees.” Petitions for waivers of the departmental requirements must be submitted to the department’s Student Affairs Committee.

    A minimum of 27 courses is required for the Ph.D. in Near Eastern archaeology. (The normal load is nine courses per year, or three per quarter.) Most students in the Near Eastern archaeology program study the Ancient Near East, focusing on the periods before the rise of the Greek and Roman empires. Others study the archaeology of the Islamic Middle East, focusing on the periods after the fall of the Roman empire. The requirements of the two subprograms are different.

Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

1. Archaeological and Historical Overview (7 courses)

Students in this subprogram must acquire a broad command of the archaeology and history of the ancient Near East. For this reason the following two introductory course sequences must be taken during the first two years of scholastic residence: NEAA 30001-30002-30003, “Archaeology of the Ancient Near East I, II, III,” and NEHC 30001-30002-30003, “History of the Ancient Near East I, II, III.” These course sequences are offered in alternate years.

Students in ancient Near Eastern archaeology are also required to take NEAA 30501, “Introduction to Islamic Archaeology.”

2. Regional Specialization (3 courses)

Most students specialize in a single geographical region, e.g., Anatolia, Egypt, Iran, Mesopotamia, or the Levant (Syria-Palestine). Some specializations span regions. Each student must take a minimum of three advanced courses pertaining to his or her specialty and is also expected to engage in regular fieldwork or research projects relevant to it.

3. Method and Theory (2 courses)

Students are required to take NEAA 30051, “Method and Theory in Near Eastern Archaeology,” which provides an overview of various methodological and theoretical approaches relevant to Near Eastern archaeology.

In addition to this survey course, students must take at least one other course that focuses on archaeological method or theory and is not region-specific. This course may be NEHC 30010, “Social Theory and Near Eastern Studies,” or an approved substitute that deals with social theory in relation to premodern societies. Or it may be a course that focuses on particular materials, e.g., archaeobotany, archaeometallurgy, art historical theory, bioarchaeology, ceramic analysis, landscape archaeology, or zooarchaeology. A course on the pottery of a particular region does not fulfill this requirement.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are a fundamental tool for archaeological research. All students are expected to learn how to use GIS software either in formal coursework or more informally in the context of a research project. The Oriental Institute’s Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes (CAMEL) is an important resource for this purpose. The Oriental Institute also has laboratories for archaeometallurgy and zooarchaeology in which students can develop skills in those areas.

4. Ancient Languages (6 courses)

The study of premodern languages and texts is an integral part of research into the literate societies of the ancient Near East. Language training is therefore an essential component of the curriculum in Near Eastern archaeology. A minimum of six courses in one or more ancient languages is normally required, in addition to fulfilling the departmental requirement to demonstrate reading knowledge of two modern languages of scholarship (normally French and German). The ancient language courses may consist of an elementary sequence and an intermediate sequence of courses in a single language relevant to the student’s region of specialization, or a combination of two languages (e.g., three courses each in Akkadian and Sumerian for Mesopotamian archaeology).

Some faculty advisers will require or recommend more than six courses of language instruction, depending on the student’s research interests and region of specialization. Conversely, a student may petition the archaeology faculty to reduce the ancient language requirement to three courses, replacing three language courses with a coherent set of three courses that focus on a particular scientific method relevant to Near Eastern archaeology (e.g., archaeobotany, bioarchaeology, ceramic petrography, zooarchaeology). These scientific courses would be in addition to the two method and theory courses required of all students.

In addition to first-hand experience with textual sources in their original languages, students are required to become well acquainted with the major literary compositions and archives of the ancient Near East in English translation. Modern Middle Eastern languages (e.g., Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew) are increasingly important as languages of archaeological scholarship; training in one of these is therefore strongly recommended in addition to fulfilling the ancient language requirement.

5. Electives (9–18 courses, for a total of 27–36)

Each student should take elective courses on the archaeology of Near Eastern regions outside his or her area of specialty, as well as courses that deal with other periods and regions. Elective courses in archaeological method and theory are in addition to the two required courses in method and theory described above.

At least two of the elective courses must be taken outside of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. Archaeological courses and special lectures are available in the Departments of Anthropology, Art History, and Classics, in which there are faculty members who specialize in various branches of Old World and New World archaeology. Other courses and workshops of interest to students of Near Eastern archaeology are provided by the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and the Divinity School.

6. Second-Year Evaluation

The “Year 2 Review” of students’ academic performance is described in the “Rules and Requirements for the M.A. and Ph.D. Degrees” of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. As part of this evaluation each second-year student of Near Eastern archaeology will be interviewed by the archaeology faculty as a whole. This will normally take place during the latter part of the Winter Quarter. In the course of this interview the student will summarize his or her M.A. thesis and will answer questions about it and about other topics pertaining to ancient Near Eastern archaeology.

Depending on the student’s regional specialty, additional examinations may be required at the end of the second year (e.g., students of Egyptian archaeology are required to take an examination in Egyptian language).

7. Comprehensive Examinations

After coursework has been completed and the relevant departmental requirements have been fulfilled, each student must take a set of comprehensive examinations whose topics are determined in consultation with his or her faculty adviser. These examinations must be taken before the end of the student’s fourth year in residence.

A minimum of four comprehensive examinations is required on the following topics:

Archaeology of the student’s geographical region of specialty.
History of the student’s geographical region of specialty.
Archaeology of a second geographical region in the Near East.
Archaeology of a third geographical region or of a later period (e.g., Islamic)or an archaeological method (e.g., zooarchaeology) or archaeological theory.

These are all assumed to be “full” examinations. The student’s adviser may require a fifth examination (“full” or “half”) on additional topics or languages relevant to the student’s proposed area of research.

Archaeology of the Islamic Middle East

1. Archaeological and Historical Overview (8 courses)

Students in this subprogram must acquire a broad command of the archaeology and history of the Islamic Middle East. In addition to NEAA 30501, “Introduction to Islamic Archaeology,” students must take the Islamic archaeology courses NEAA 30521-30522-30523 that cover Islamic Egypt, Syria-Palestine, and the Eastern Caliphates, respectively.

One introductory course in the archaeology of the ancient Near East is also required; i.e., NEAA 30001 or 30002 or 30003.

Students are required to take a three-course sequence in Islamic history or civilization, which will be either NEHC 30621-30622-30623, “History of the Islamic Middle East I, II, III,” or NEHC 30601-30602, “Introduction to Islamic Civilization I, II,” plus an advanced history course.

2. Method and Theory (1 course)

3. Middle Eastern Languages (15 courses)

Recognizing that Islamic archaeology is a discipline within a fully historical tradition, students must acquire a research facility in two Middle Eastern languages, in addition to fulfilling the departmental requirement to demonstrate reading knowledge of French and German. Normally, a student will take nine courses in Arabic and six courses in a second language (usually Hebrew, Persian, or Turkish). A fourth year (three courses) of Arabic is encouraged, although a student may prefer instead to study an ancient language or a scientific methodology.

4. Electives (3–12 courses, for a total of 27–36)

Students will normally specialize in one geographical region and will take a number of courses anticipating fieldwork and research projects pertaining to it. Students should take elective courses to complement their specializations, acquiring expertise in minor fields and/or methodological specializations.

5. Second-Year Evaluation

6. Comprehensive Examinations

A minimum of five comprehensive examinations is required on the following topics:

Islamic history and civilization (an oral examination given by a minimum of three faculty members based on a reading list prepared by the whole Islamics faculty).
Method and theory in Islamic archaeology.
Major field: the main geographical or historical area of interest.
Minor field (half): a second geographical or historical area.
Minor field (half): an area of expertise in Islamic history, numismatics, or art history, or a third geographical area.

Note that the first three are “full” examinations and the last two are “half” examinations.

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:42 قبل از ظهر |

Archeology Field School

Photo Gallery

www.suu.edu/hss/archeology/

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:36 قبل از ظهر |

Shelters

Archeological Excavation Shelters^™, Tents, Yurt Domes^™

Shelter Systems provides portable, affordable and environmentally friendly shelters for archeological excavations and digs. Shelter Systems' waterproof Tents, Domes and Yurts have been sheltering people around the world for over 20 years. We manufacture a wide range of Tensegrity and Geodesic structures, from Portable Yurts to Solar Greenhouses.

Sturdy Design
Shelter Systems' Archeology Excavation Shelters, Tents, Domes and Yurts are made wholly of a superstrong, woven ripstop film which is watertight and will not rot or mildew. By using a combination of materials we provide a shelter constructed partly of a sunblock covering to provide shade and partly of a translucent white covering to provide a bright interior.

The frames are constructed of strong, long-lasting Class 200 PVC tubing. Shelter Systems' own patented Grip Clips join the dome's cover to the frame. Grip Clips provide greater strength than sewn seams or any type of grommet, because they do not puncture the cover. Each panel of our Archeology Excavation Shelters, Tents, Domes and Yurts are shingled over the next so that the domes breathe, yet are completely leakproof!

A Group of our 18' (5.6 m) Domes

Light and Fresh Air
Each of our 14' (4.2m), 18' (5.4m), and 20' (6m) shelters have four flap doors evenly spaced around the dome. The 8 ' (2.4m) and 11' (3.3m) have one door. The door coverings close automatically so you can go in or out quickly. There are no zippers to fumble with or break. For maximum ventilation the walls themselves can be rolled up. There is always plenty of light and fresh air in the Shelter Systems' Archeology Excavation Shelters, Tents, Domes and Yurts.

"Here is a photograph of our Crystal Cave^™ being used in the excavation of the Dowell Site in January 1989. This structure made doing Archeology in the winter not only feasible but even pleasant. It is easy to assemble and easy to move." - Robert Lafferty, Mid-Continental Research Assoc., AR

Easy Set-Up Setting up a Shelter Systems' Shelter.
You will be pleased with how easily your Shelter Systems' Archeology Excavation Shelters, Tents, and Domes go up in 30 minutes without tools. You simply insert interchangeable poles into factory-attached connectors spaced evenly over the cover. The poles bend slightly when inserted, which tightens the cover into a wind- and waterproof dynamic shelter. Turn or move the dome into desired position. After the emergency needs pass, the dome can be easily taken down; just remove the poles, roll up the dome, and store it. Storage will extend the life of the shelter. Domes in desert

A Shelter System
Shelter Systems' Archeology Excavation Shelters, Tents, Domes and Tarps come complete with stakes, guy lines, vent tubes, spare parts and an instruction booklet that details floors, site selection, anchoring, cooling, winterizing, and stove installation.

Setting up a Shelter Systems' Dome.

Shelter Systems' Instruction Manual. Set up, storage, repairs, wood stoves etc ...

Accessories. Floors, net doors, porches and liners to make your shelter more comfortable.

Sizes: A drawing comparing the sizes of some of our domes.

The 11' Archeology Excavation Shelter™

Note that the Archeology Excavation Shelter 11' and 8' are constructed using a different geometry that has less panels and only one door (see the AES 11' ) photo above and the shape GroDome 8 on the GroDome page. The 14, 18, or 20 'ers each have four doors.

"We have enjoyed the shelter of your 30' yurt over our excavation site for 5 months now, and are very pleased with it. It casts a perfect, flat light for excavation and photography, and saves us the headaches of covering and recovering the excavation on a daily basis. The excavation site is in southeastern Utah, an early Puebloan pit house dating to the late 700s A.D." Winston Hurst

You get a lot more volume for your money as you go up in diameter. When you step inside the 18' Archeology Excavation Shelter after being in the 14', the 18 ' feels twice as big. The 20' Archeology Excavation Shelter feels twice the size of the 18'. This is because the extra feet in diameter extends out in all directions (including up) creating a large increase in volume. Since the surface area of the covering does not increase as rapidly as the volume, the larger domes are less expensive for the space you get.

The 30' (9 m) Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent. Four people can pick this dome up and move it to a new site without taking it down.

Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent 30 Diameter 30'x11' High Weight 190lb. $1900 Shipping $200
Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent 20 Diameter 20'x10' High Weight 70 lb. $860 Shipping $75
Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent 18 Diameter 18'x9' High Weight 60 lb. $720 Shipping $65
Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent 14 Diameter 14'x7' High Weight 40 lb. $620 Shipping $55
Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent 11 Diameter 11'x6'4"High Weight 20 lb. $450 Shipping $45
Archeology Excavation Shelter™ Tent 8 Diameter 8'x7'4" High Weight 20 lb. $360 Shipping $45
The 11 and 8 are Special Orders and are Not Returnable.

Archeology Excavation CrystalCave™ Tunnle Tent 9: 9'x9'x7' High, Weight: 40 lb. $520 Ship $45
Archeology Excavation CrystalCave™ Tunnle Tent 11: ll'xll'x7'High, Weight: 51 lb. $650 Ship $55

1 1/2-YEAR GUARANTEE. If for any reason you're not completely pleased with your purchase, return it in original, clean condition within 30 days of receipt for a full refund or exchange as you wish. All items in this catalog have a warranty against defects in materials and workmanship for 1 1/2 years. Should any product prove defective we will repair or replace it at no cost to you. Special Orders are not returnable. Read Snow and Wind Warnings.

Order online with our Secure Order Form!

www.shelter-systems.com/archeology.html

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:33 قبل از ظهر |

archeological science

First man enters Europe via Bulgaria

One of the most challenging questions before the European archeological science is when exactly in time a man first set foot on European soil!

This earliest period of human development is the subject matter of the Paleolithic, or the Old Stone Age. According to the experts in the field, there are two viable options, via the Gibraltar to Southern Spain, or … via the Hellespont to the Balkan Peninsula.

Entrance to the Kozarnika cave. Photos: courtesy of the Pre-history section of the National Museum of Archeology and History with the Bulgarian Academy of sciences

During the last decade a team from the Bulgarian Academy of Science led by Nikolay Sirakov has been studying a cave in the Belogradchik area, Northwestern Bulgaria. Its karst contained remains of all three stages of the Paleolithic, i.e. early, middle and late. They have had a major contribution to the solution of questions of pan-European significance. The first question is when the animal species Homo first came into being on the Old continent, because according to the findings of the archeological science, the earliest traces of human existence were found in Africa and dated 3-4 million years ago. But about 2 millions years ago the process of migration from Africa to other continents began, and, first and foremost, to Eurasia. We, as Europeans, tend to hear the answer. Until recently scientists used to say that happened about 800 000 years ago, first in South Europe, and above all, in Spain. Replies Ana Mateos, prehistorian from the University of Salamanca in Spain:

Studies in the cave

“The Atapuerca cave near the city of Burgos in Northern Spain bears traces of human existence from 1 million 100 thousand years ago. But in Southern Spain we have artifacts going back 1 million 200 thousand years ago, which can only prove that humans had settled in the area. However, there is a theory that primitive men might have entered the European continent through Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula. And what is more, from there they had probably continued their journey towards Western Europe, to the west, and China and India, to the east.”

What does the domestic science think about that?

According to the Bulgarian prehistory experts, there has been uncontestable evidence approved by the international scientific community that humans had existed in the Bulgarian lands 1 million 600 thousand years ago, and probably earlier than that!

Proof of this statement are the flint tools, the stone tools, and the bone tools dugged out. The primitive men in our lands were a variety of the Homo erectus or Homo ergaster species. The latter two are the first known species in the evolution of the Homo genus. This evidence can only mean that migration towards Europe passed for certainty through the Bulgarian lands. The earliest traces of human presence have been found in a hunting camp in a cave in Bulgaria and have been dated 1 million 600 – 1 million 400 thousand years ago. According to Nikolay Sirakov, the cave even bore remains of the Homo neaderthalensis (or Neanderthal) species.

In this Bulgarian cave archaeologists have unearthed a succession of hunting camps lying on top of one another, the earliest reaching 9.5 m below the current floor of the cave. In evolutionary terms the top layer takes us 40 thousand years back, when the first modern man, called Homo sapiens, (from Latin ‘wise man’ or ‘knowing man’) originated. From the point of view of anatomy, physiology and neurology they looked no different from us. They even had the same intellectual capacity, and the same skills and abilities.

How many sites are there in Bulgaria attesting to that earliest stage of human evolution in Bulgaria?

Probably hundreds. Some of the best known are the Temna dupka (“Dark Hole”) cave near Karlukovo in Northern Bulgaria, the famous and very spectacular Bacho Kiro cave next to Dryanovo monastery, and a few more. Other artifacts have been unearthed in the Rhodope Mountains in Southern Bulgaria outside caves. But the majority of the finds come from caves, as those served as a natural shelter from erosion that could have destroyed them completely in the course of the thousands and thousands of years.

If Bulgaria is abundant in prehistory, then is there a legion of scholars working in this particular field?

It turns out there are only a few good men, 5 to be exact, whereas Spain has hundreds of them. There, for example, in 1975 Emilio Aguire summoned a multidisciplinary team of young scholars around the Atapuerca phenomenon in an attempt to propel Spanish science to international heights. This led to the establishing in 1990 of the huge social and cultural Atapuerca project.

But going back to our main issue, was it through Spain or through Bulgaria that primitive man stepped on the European continent for the first time, we have to admit that Spain does have indeed well-preserved findings, but they are not as old as the one in the Kozarnika (“Goats’ Pen”) cave in Bulgaria. One plausible reason is that the Gibraltar strait was very difficult to cross.

For one thing it is very deep, and has a stronger current between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean. And a second thing is that there has been no supportive evidence from Morocco that Paleolithic man had existed there.

So, at the current stage, which scientific progress has reached, we may claim for sure that the ‘conquest’ of the European continent began from the present-day Bulgarian territory.

Andrey Melamed, BNR

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:30 قبل از ظهر |

IRANIAN MILITARY HISTORY

IRANIAN MILITARY HISTORY

XÛD (HELMET)

By: B. A. Litvinsky

Sasanian Helmet, which later become prototype for European Helmets

Helmets came into use in the Middle East at a very early date. Among the oldest recovered specimens are Sumerian bronze helmets of the mid–3rd millennium B.C.E. from the royal cemetery of Ur. During the 9th–7th centuries B.C.E., bronze and iron helmets of different types became widespread in the Assyrian Empire. In the Caucasus region, local craftsmen influenced by Assyrian industry produced several types of Urartian helmets, mainly in bronze but some also in iron.

The Iranian tradition of helmet making is very old. Elam produced hemispherical bronze helmets with decorative figures of deities and also one of a bird—perhaps a type of raptor. (See Figs 1–54 for this and the following examples.) The figures were first sculpted in bitumen, then overlaid with thin layers of silver and gold; and further details were incised, such as figures of gods. Some of them are masterpieces unequaled in ancient Near Eastern art. They can be dated to the 14th century B.C.E. (Muscarella, 1988, pp. 223-29). A number of bronze and iron helmets dating from the 9th-8th centuries have been found at western Iranian sites (e.g., Hasanlu, Mârlik, Safidrud). They are either conical or hemispherical, and some of them are richly decorated.

Ancient Iranian languages provide a number of terms relating to helmets. The list of a fully-equipped warrior's armament in the Avesta (Vd. 14.9) includes sâravâra- ("head-cover," AirWb., col. 1572; see also EIr. II, p. 490); but the usual Avestan term for helmet is xao’a- (AirWb., col. 531), which parallels Old Pers. xaudâ-. Cf. Osset. xud, xodœ; New Pers. khöï, khöd, khôd (Kent, Old Persian, p. 180), Pers.-Tâjik xoï, xod (Abaev, 1989, pp. 243-44). The Avesta mentions metal helmets made of bronze, gold, and iron (Yt. 9.30, 13.45, 15.57). Sometimes the shape is also indicated. Thus urwi-xao’a- (Yt. 9.30) designates a helmet with a pointed top (Brandenstein and Mayerhofer, 1964, pp. 45-46; Malandra, 1973, p. 284). Middle Persian has several terms for helmet: sârwâr (sârwâr i batimen "bright helmet"), xôd, xoy, and targ or tarak (AirWb., col. 1572; Taffazzoli, 1993/94, pp. 191-93).

Classical authors provide some information on Persian helmets of the Achaemenid period. According to Herodotus (7.84), the cavalry of Xerxes included some Persians who "wore helmets of bronze and wrought steel." Xenophon reports that mounted warriors, charioteers, and soldiers forming the king's bodyguard wore helmets; and he adds that the helmets worn by rulers were of gold, i.e., gilded (Cyropaedia 6.1.51, 6.4.1-2, 7.1.2; Anabasis 1.8.6). Helmets are also mentioned in Babylonian documents of the Achaemenid period (Ebeling, 1952, p. 208). In later Greek and Roman sources, when the inhabitants of Central Asia are described, helmets—kranos or galea (helmet of leather)—are mentioned, but only in connection with Arians (Diodorus 17.83; Curtius 8.4.33; see Litvinsky and P'yankov, 1966, p. 43).

Of the few actual finds, the most interesting is a bell-shaped helmet of gilded bronze from Olympia, which bears a Greek inscription stating that it had been captured from the "Medes" at the beginning of the 5th century, possibly in the battle of Marathon (Mallwitz and Herrmann, 1980, p. 96, Pl. 58). Helmets are also represented on a number of art objects. A fine example is that worn by a warrior depicted on a gold plaque from the Oxus Treasure (Dalton, 1964, pp. 73-74, Pl. XV, no. 84).

In the 6th century B.C.E., bronze helmets of the Kuban type (named after finds in the basin of the Kuban River) were in use among the Scythians of Central Asia and the northern Black Sea. These were cast, and egg-shaped, deeper towards the back and with a wide opening in front. They were provided with longitudinal crests and holes along the edge to fasten the helmet to a mail piece. Their origin is disputed; some argue for the Middle East, others for China. In the 5th to 3rd centuries B.C.E., modified Greek helmets of the Corinthian, Chalcidian, Attic, and Thracian types were in use (Chernenko, 1968, pp. 74-98, figs. 39-59).

During the Hellenistic period, certain types of Hellenistic helmets, especially the Boeotian type and its local variants, became popular in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. The clearest evidence is provided by the portraits of Greco-Bactrian rulers on their coins and by bronze and iron moveable cheekpieces discovered in the Oxus temple in Bactria.

Helmets of the Parthian period are known from works of art. A sculptured head from Nisa (2nd–1st cent. B.C.E.) wears a bowl-shaped helmet with corrugated visor, high crest, and moveable cheekpieces. This type of helmet probably goes back to Hellenistic prototypes. Ares and Athena depicted on the rhyta from Nisa wear helmets of different types. A late Parthian helmet appears on the rock-relief in Firuzâbâd. It is a hemispherical helmet of a noble Parthian with a neck-guard surmounted with a knob and a plume. Graffiti from Dura-Europos depict late Parthian conical helmets of several rows of metal plates fastened together with rivets (Du Mesnil du Buisson, 1936, pp. 192-97, fig. 16; Rostov-tzeff, 1933, p. 216, pl. XXXIII/2; Ghirshman, 1962, figs. 62, 100, 165; James, 1986, pp. 118-28, figs. 13-18; Gall, 1990, p. 69; Invernizzi, 1999, pp. 22-24, fig. 6, pl. A).

Several types of helmets were in use in Central Asia in the Kushan period. In Bactria there were conical ribbed helmets. One of the Khalchayan sculptures shows an egg-shaped helmet with a low visor projecting forward and a horizontal welt running along the edge of the bowl. Remains of a Kushan helmet made of narrow vertical plates of iron were found in Charsada (Chârsada).

The helmet was a standard item in Sasanian armor (Tabari, tr. Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser, pp. 248-49). Finds of early Sasanian helmets include one from Dura-Europos consisting of two halves riveted to two bars and provided with a pointed apex; a mail piece was attached to its lower edge. Many figures represented on Sasanian rock reliefs of the 3rd-4th centuries C.E. wear hemispherical helmets with neckpieces and bindings along the base. On Naqš-e Rostam No. 5, the cap is ornamented and has a knob on the top, while a mail piece is attached to the lower edge (Herrmann, 1977, p. 7, Pls. 1-3). The greater ayvân of Tâq-e Bostân attributed to K¨osrow II (591-628) shows a different kind of helmet, namely the "segmented" or "'four-spanged helmet" [spangen helmet] (Fukai and Horiuchi, 1972, Pl. 36; Fukai et al., 1984, pp. 69-70); several helmets of this type are known. These are egg-shaped, made of four vertical iron segments fastened below with a horizontal bronze rim, from which come wide bronze bands crossing at the top. To these bands the iron segments are riveted; the latter are covered with thin, silver leaves for ornamentation. The horizontal rim has holes in its lower part through which a piece of chain mail extending from the shoulders was attached to the helmet (Granicsay, 1948-49, pp. 272-81; Harper, 1978, pp. 89-90, fig. 31; Overlaet, 1982, pp. 193-96, Pls. I-V). For a detailed discussion about the origin and typology of Sasanian helmets, see von Gall, 1990, pp. 69-72.

Monumental art of Central Asia indicates that in that region several other types of helmets were used in the 6th-7th centuries. The most common was a sphero-conical helmet, which was hemispheroid in its lower half but gradually turned into a cone towards the top and was surmounted with a finial ornament. The rim was decorated with festoons. Often it was provided with a narrow bar protecting the nose and with cheekpieces. A piece of chain mail attached to the helmet covered the neck, shoulders, and almost the whole face except the eyes. Such helmets were most often constructed of metal plates, although there were also some made of multiple scales mounted on leather background (Shishkin, 1963, p. 163, Pl. XVII; Belenitski, 1973, Pls. 8, 9, 12, 21; Raspopova, 1980, p. 84, figs. 57-59).

Bibliography

	V. I. Abaev, Istoriko-etimologicheski slovar' osetinskogo yazyka (Historical-etymological dictionary of Ossetic), IV, St. Petersburg, 1989.
	A. M. Belenitski, Monumental'noe iskusstvo Pendzhikenta: Zhivopis'. Skul'ptura (Monumental art of Penjikent: painting. sculpture), Moscow, 1973.
	St. Bittner, Tracht und Bewaffung das persischen Heeres zur Zeit Achaemeniden, 2nd ed., Munich, 1985.
	A. D. H. Bivar, "Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26, 1972, pp. 273-307.
	W. Brandenstein and M. Mayrhofer, Handbuch des Altpersischen, Wiesbaden, 1964.
	O. M. Dalton, The Treasure of the Oxus, 3rd ed., London, 1964. R. E. V. Chernenko, Skifski dospekh (Scythian armor), Kiev, 1968.
	R. Du Mesnil du Buisson, "The Persian Mines," in The Excavation at Dura-Europos. Preliminary Report. Sixth. Season of Work, New Haven, 1936.
	Sh. Fukai and K. Horiuchi, Taq-i Bustan II. Plates, Tokyo, 1972.
	E. Ebeling. "Die Rüstung eines babylonischen Panzerreiters nach einem Vertrage aus der Zeit Darius I," Zeitschrift für Assyrologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, N.F. Bd. 16 (56), 1952, pp. 203-13.
	Sh. Fukai et al., Taq-i Bustan IV, Tokyo, 1984. R. Ghirshman, Iran. Parthians and Sassanians, London, 1962.
	M. V. Gorelik, "Zashchitnoe vooruzhenie persov i mid-yan achemenidskogo vremeni" (Persian and Median armor in the Achaemenid period), VDI, 1982, 3, pp. 90-106.
	Idem, "Kushanski dospekh" (Kushan armor), in G. M. Bongard-Levin ed., Drevnyaya India. Istoriko-kul'turnye svyazi, Moscow, 1982.
	S. V. Grancsay, "A Sasanian Chieftain's Helmet," The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, April 1963, pp. 253-62.
	P. O. Harper, The Royal Hunter. Art of the Sasanian Empire, New York, 1978.
	G. Hermnann, Naqsh-i Rustam 5 and 8. Sasanian Reliefs Attributed to Hormizd II and Narseh (Iranische Denkmäler. Lieferung 8. Reihe II: Iranische Felsreliefs D), Berlin, 1977.
	A. Invernizzi, Sculpture di metallo da Nisa. Cultura greca e cultura iranica in Partia (Acta Iranica, ser. 3, vol. 21), Lovanii, 1999.
	S. James, "Evidence from Dura Europos for the Origin of Late Roman Helmets," Syria 63, 1986, pp. 107-34.
	B. A. Litvinsky, "History of the Helmet in Bactriana," Information Bulletin of the International Association of the Cultures of Central Asia No. 22, Moscow, 2000.
	Idem, Khram Oksa v Baktrii (Yuzhny Tadzhikistan), Tom. 2. Baktriskoe vooruzhenie v drevnevostochnom i grecheskom kontekste (The temple of the Oxus in Bactria [South Tadzhikistan]. Bactrian arms and armor in the ancient Eastern context), Moscow, 2001, pp. 364-81 (with detailed bibliography).
	B. Litvinsky and I. V. P'yankov, "Voennoe dele y narodov Sredne Azii v VI- IV vv. do n. e. (Warfare of the peoples of Central Asia in the 6th–4th centuries B.C.E.)," VDI , 1966, 3, pp. 36-52.
	W. Malandra, "A Glossary of Terms for Weapons and Armor in Old Iranian," IIJ 15/4, 1973, pp. 264-89.
	A. Mallwitz and H.-V. Herrmann, eds., Die Funde aus Olympia, Athens, 1980. O. W. Muscarella, The Bronze and Iron. Ancient Near Eastern Artefacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1988.
	B. J. Overlaet, "Contribution to Sasanian Armament in Connection with a Decorated Helmet," Iranica Antiqua 17, 1982, pp. 189-206.
	V. A. Raspopova, Metallicheskie izdeliya ran-nesrednevekovogo Sogda (Metal artifacts in early medieval Sogdiana), St. Petersburg, 1980.
	V. A. Shish-kin, Varakhsha, Moscow, 1963. M. Rostovtzeff, "Pictures Graffiti," in The Excavations at Dura-Europos. Preliminary Report. Fourth Season of Work, New Haven, 1933.
	A. Tafazzoli, "A List of Terms for Weapons and Armour in Western Middle Iranian," Silk Road Art and Archeology, 3, 1993/94, pp. 187-98.
	H. von Gall, Das Reiterkampfbild in der iranischen und iranisch-beeinflussten Kunst parthischer und sasanidischer Zeit (Teheranischer Forschungen, Bd. VI), Berlin, 1990.

Figures 1–33. Pre-Islamic helmets, 14th–2nd centuries B.C.E.

1. Elam, 14th cent. B.C.E. 2. Luristan. 3. Marlik. 4-8. Hasanlu. 9. Safidrud. 10. K¨úorvin. 11-12. Luristan. (Nos. 2-12 dated to the first third of the first millennum B.C.E.) 13. Achaemenid helmet, from Egypt. 14. Achaemenid helmet, from Olympia. 15. Oxus Treasure (British Museum). 16-17. Helmets represented on seals. 18. Achaemenid helmet, from Azerbaijan. 19. Achaemenid helmet depicted on a 5th-cent. B.C.E. Greek vase. 20. Achaemenid helmet represented on a rock relief, Lycia. 21. Achaemenid helmet (Glasgow Museum). 22. Scythian helmet, from the Kuban, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 23-24. Scythian helmets, Checheno-Ingushetia, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 25. Scythian helmet, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 26. Scythian helmet (Greek helmet of the Thracian type, refashioned by Scythians), Nymphai, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 27. Saka helmet from the Altai region, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 28. Saka helmet from the Talas valley, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 29. Saka helmet in the museum of Samarkand. 30-31. Saka helmet, from the Talas valley, 7th-6th cent. B.C.E. 32-35 and 37-38. Helmets represented on coins of the Greco-Bactrian kings (32. Eucratides I; 33. Amyntas).

Figures 34–58. Pre-Islamic helmets, 2nd century B.C.E.–7th century C.E.

34. Archebius; 35. 36. Helmet of the Greco-Bactrian king Eucratidus I, on a bronze medallion from the Temple of the Oxus. Antialcidas; 37. Menander. 38. Antimachus. 39-40. Bronze cheek-plates of Hellensitic helmets, from the Temple of the Oxus. 41. Parthian helmet of a clay sculpture, from Old Nisa. 42. Parthian helmet, represented on Ardašir I's rock-relief at Firuzâbâd. 43. Parthian helmet, graffito from Dura-Europos. 44. Kushan helmet depicted on the coin of Kujula Kadphises. 45. Kushan helmet on the coin of Huvika. 46. Kushan helmet, terrakota from Kitab (Kashka-Dara[Kaška-Daryâ] region). 47. Kushan helmet from Taxila. 48. Kushan helmet, from a sculpture, Khalchayan. 49. Kushan helmet (reconstruction by M. Gorelik), Charsada (Chârsada). 50. Sasanian helmet, on a rock-relief at Naqš-e Rostam. 51. Sasanian helmet (Brussels museum). 52. Sasanian helmet (Iraq Museum, Baghdad). 53. Sasanian helmet (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). 54-58. Sogdian helmets (54. from Varakhsha [Varakhša]; 55-58. from Penjikent).

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:26 قبل از ظهر |

MUSEUMS

MUSEUMS                                                            The Museums are repositories of cultural, historical, technical, industrial
                                                               or other kinds of materials for preservation against decay and for transmis-
                                                               sion to posterity as records for history.  They also serve as important
                                                               audiovisual means of education. The development of museums in  their
                                                               ramifications is considered important as on the one hand they promote
                                                               national integration and on the other, international understanding.
        
                                                                   The Constitution of India makes the States primarily responsible for
                                                               setting up and maintenance of museums.  The Central Government has
                                                               however set up a number of important museums and provides financial
                                                               assistance for the development of private museums, university museums,
                                                               etc.  Great emphasis is laid on the documentation of the existing collection
                                                               in the Government and private museums, preservation of the collections
                                                               by using latest scientific aids and publication of catalogues of collection.
                                                               Keeping in view the financial resources available, it would be the endeav-
                                                               our of the Department of Culture to encourage construction of museum
                                                               buildings to house the antiquities available in the various regions.
        
                                                                   In the field of Indian art and archaeology, the Central Government has
                                                               established the National Museum, New Delhi, Indian Museum, Calcutta
                                                               and Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad.  In the contemporary history and
                                                               art, Victoria Memorial Hall, Calcutta, National Gallery of Modern Art,
                                                               New Delhi and the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library are the three
                                                               museums financed by the Government of India.  The National Council of
                                                               Science Museums looks after Science Museums/Centres. A  National Re-
                                                               search Laboratory has also been set up.  The work done by the museums
                                                               during the year is given below :-
        
                                                               
 I. MUSEUMS OF INDIAN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 
        
                       National Museum, New Delhi                 The National Museum is a subordinate office of the Department of
                                                               Culture.  The main activities of the Museum are in the field of acquisition,
                                                               exhibition, conservation, publication and education.
        
                                                                   The Museum further augmented its collection during the year by
                       Acquisition                           acquiring select art objects. A total amount of Rs. 9.32 lakhs was spent
                                                               on the purchase of antiquities during the year.  Some of the outstanding
                                                               acquisitions are : Chola Ganesa datable to the 10th century A.D.;  a
                                                               Chalukya bronze of Vishnu with Sri Devi and Bhu Devi of the 11th-12th
                                                               century A.D., Avalokitasvara of Eastern India datable to the 9th century
                                                               A.D., and copper plate grants of Orissa of 10th-11th centuries A.D. In
                                                               addition, terracotta heads of Maurya and Sunga periods (3rd-2nd century
                                                               B.C.); an inscribed Mughal 'Degchi' of the 17th Century A.D.; illustrated
                                                               manuscripts, 'Madhumalti' of Bundi, 18th century A.D. and 'Ragamala'
                                                               series of paintings of Jodhpur dated 1623 A.D.  were purchased. Fine
                                                               shawls and textiles of Kashmir were also acquired.
        
                                                                   During the year the following exhibitions were compiled and organised
                       Exhibitions                           both within the Museum and also in various countries :
        
                                                                          (i) Exhibition of Masterpieces of South Indian Bronzes' to coin-
                                                                              cide with the Non-Aligned Summit Conference in March,
                                                                              1983.
        
                                                                        (ii)  A Photo exhibition of 'The Mission of Peace, Creativity and
                                                                              Beauty' organised under the joint auspices of  the  National
                                                                              Museum and Bulgarian Culture and Information Centre in
                                                                              October, 1983.
        
                                                                       (iii)  Exhibition of 'Indian Coinage' to coincide with Commonwealth
                                                                              Heads of Government Meeting in November, 1983.

        
                                                                     (iv)  Work is in progress for the following exhibitions
        
                                                                          (a)   'Decorative Arts of India', 16th-18th century A.D. to be
                                                                           organised in Moscow and Leningrad, USSR in February,
                                                                           1984;
             
                                                                          (b)   'Ancient Sculptures of India' to be organised at Tokyo
                                                                           and Kyoto in Japan under the aegis of Nihon Kezei
                                                                           Shimbun in March, 1984
                  
                                                                          (c)   The exhibition 'Light of Asia' to be organised at Los 
                                                                           Angles, U.S.A. in March, 1984;
                       
                                                                          (d)   An exhibition entitled 'Art of Sakya Muni' to be organis-
                                                                           ed  at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Washington,
                            
                                                                     (v)  Preliminary work in regard to the following exhibitions has
                                                                     been taken in hand
             
                                                                      -    An exhibition 'Where the Peacock Dances' to be organis-
                                                                           ed at National Gallery, Washington, U.S.A. in 1985;
                                                                           U.S.A. in 1985;
             
                                                                      -    An exhibition of "Terracottas' to be organised in Brooklyn
                                                                           Museum, U.S.A. in 1985;
             
                                                                      -    An exhibition 'Masterpieces of Indian Art' to be organis-
                                                                           ed at National Gallery, Washington, U.S.A. in 1985;
             
                                                                      -    An exhibition of 'Kushan and Gandhara Sculptures' to be
                                                                           organised at the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland,
                                                                           in 1985;
             
                                                                      -    Preliminary work in regard to    the Festival of India to be
                                                                           organised' at the Grand Palais,   Paris, has also been taken
                                                                           in hand;
             
                                                                      -    All art  objects received back   from the Festival of India
                                                                           exhibitions in the, United Kingdom, have been properly
                                                                           packed  and returned to the respective lending Museums
                                                                           and private collections.
        
                     Conservation                         In addition to the care of the objects of the  National Museum, the Con-
                                                         servation Laboratory of the Museum also examined and treated art objects
                                                         from the Museums on collection as well as from other Museums which were
                                                         sent for exhibitions in other countries.  Condition report in respect of each
                                                         item for all the exhibitions was prepared and chemical treatment was under-
                                                         taken wherever required before sending the objects and after receiving
                                                         them back from abroad.  It also assisted other Museums/Institutions in the
                                                         matter of treatment of objects, requiring urgent attention.  The Chemist of
                                                         the; Museum visited U.S.A. for three months under the, INDO-U.S.
                                                         Cultural Exchange Programme.
        
                    Publications                            Besides many publications which, are in the press, the Museum brought
                                                         out catalogues, illustrated folders and posters of special exhibitions of Master-
                                                         pieces of South Indian Bronzes and of Indian Coinage.  A number of cata-
                                                         logues of the Museum collections together with the National Museum Bul-
                                                         letin, Combined Issue 4,5,6, were under preparation.
        
                     Other Activities                        The Museum conducted the 14th Short Term in-service course in Museo-
                                                         logy.  A three-month intensive in-service training programme on conserva-
                                                         tion of stone sculptures was also held.
        
                                                             Eight hundred and twenty-six books and 252 art slides were added to
                                                         the National Museum Library bringing the total collections to 41910.
        
                                                             Assistance was rendered to the Films Division in the preparation of a
                                                         film entitled 'Islamic Heritage of India' and to the Doordarshan Centre for
                                                         making a T.V. film on Lord Buddha.
        
                                                             Assistance was also rendered in the organisation of a Sports and Games
                                                         Museum in the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi.

100

                                                                  To further strengthen the security arrangements, several electronic
                                                                devices were installed in the special exhibition gallery  along with the per-
                                                                manent stationing of Armed Police Guards in the National Museum.
        
                       Indian Museum, Calcutta                     The report of activities undertaken by the Indian Museum during the
                                                                year is summarised hereunder :-
        
                                                                  On the occasion of the 1000th birth anniversary of Atise Dipankar
                       Temporary Exhibitions                  Srijnan, an Indian' reformer of Buddhism in Tibet, an exhibition on 'Tibetan
                                                                Thankas in the Indian Museum' was organised.  About twenty-five temple
                                                                banners representing Buddha and Buddhist Gods and Goddesses of Lamaistic
                                                                pantheon as well as Buddhist dharmagurus were displayed.  These thankas
                                                                ranged in date between 16th to 20th century and were acquired by the
                                                                Museum during 1912-74.  The exhibition also highlighted the life and
                                                                works of Atise through thankas and bronze images.  His Holiness Dalai
                                                                Lama inaugurated the exhibition.
        
                                                                   Another exhibition on Oil Paintings from Calcutta and its neighbourhood
                                                                was organised in September, 1983.  These paintings done in oil in different
                                                                ateliers like Chinsurah, Chandernagore and Calcutta depicting mythological
                                                                themes, landscape and portraits by local artists of the soil, as also by Chinese
                                                                and Italian artists commissioned in Calcutta, reflected a traditional artistic
                                                                activities in these regions.  Twenty-five oil paintings by the artists of Chin-
                                                                surah and Chandernagore school and by Bamapada Bandyopadhyay,
                                                                Debiprasad Roy Choudhury, Jamini Roy, Ramandranath Chakravarti and
                                                                others were on view.  Shri B. D. Pande, Governor of West Bengal inaugurat-
                                                                ed the exhibition.
        
                       Exhibits of the Month                      Following exhibits were displayed at the Entrance Hall in connection with
                                                                the exhibition of the month
        
                                                                       (i)  Wooden effigies 'Tawala Gaba of the Kondh tribes of Orissa'-
                                                                           Anthropology Section.
        
                                                                      (ii)  Shaikh Saadi : His life and works as gleened through objects
                                                                           of art on the occasion of 800 years of his birth centenary-Art
                                                                           & Archaeology Section.
        
                                                                     (iii)  Double Coconut (Cocos mucifera) and Horned Coconut (Lodoi-
                                                                           cis maldivika)-Botany Section.
        
                                                                     (iv)  Gilt Copper umbrella from Bodhgaya gifted by Burmese Guru
                                                                           in 1035 A.D.-Archaeology Section.
        
                                                                      (v)  Coins of Babar and Prints from Babarnama (on the occasion
                                                                           of his 500th Birth Anniversary)-Archaeology Section.
        
                                                                    (vi)   Japanese musical instruments gifted by Sourindra Mohan Tagore
                                                                           -Anthropology Section.
        
                     Mobile Exhibition                        The Museo-Bus on Indian History and Archaeology travelled nine dis-
                                                           tricts of West Bengal and Orissa and covered 1419 kilometres and was
                                                           visited by 2,72,412 people.  In some places educational films were, also
                                                           shown along with the exhibition.
        
                     Travelling Exhibition                    A travelling exhibition on 'Museum Architecture' was sent to Sunderban
                                                           Anchalik Sangrahashala at Baruipur and to Ramakrishna Mission Vidya-
                                                           peeth at Narendrapur.  Another exhibition on 'Inscriptions of Bengal' was
                                                           sent to, Dum Dum Kishore Bharati.
        
                                                                The museum has acquired seven sets of copper-plate inscriptions datable
                   Acquisition                           between 7th and 18th centuries A. D. Noteworthy among these are the
                                                           inscriptions from Egre, Midnapore, issued during Sesanka's rule, and a few
                                                           copper-plate inscriptions of the Ganga dynasty and Silabhanjadeva of Kalinga,
        
                                                                Two manuscripts in handmade paper, one containing three Sargas, of
                                                           the Mahabharata and another of the  Harivansa written in old Bengali script
                                                           were acquired.
        
                                                                Of the metal sculptures acquired   by the Museum, two Buddhist images
                                                           belonging to Pala school-one mahisamerdhni and one female deity standing 
                                                           on a ram-deserve to be mentioned.

101

Three terracotta decorative tiles, 49 clay dolls prepared by folk artisans
of Jayanagar, 11 ivory and bone carvings which include mayurpankhi,
plaque carved with a figure of Sultan with peacock, Krishna Lila Scene, etc.
and 2 wooden windows with carvings, wooden palanka legs, and figures of
Garuda and Radha-Krishna were also acquired.

About ninety coins made of gold, silver and copper were acquired of
which a gold coin of Kumaragupta II and four coins commemorating
IXth Asian Games are noteworthy.

Thirteen pieces of textiles such as Kashmiri shawl, Banarasi and Balu-
chari saris, nakshi kantha and a tapestry work were acquired. Besides, a
Kalighat pata, an oil painting by Satish Sinha and three, painted book covers
were added to the collection of the Art Section.

Of ethnological specimens some tribal artifacts of the Kondh of Phul-
bani district of Orissa and of Jungle Rabhas, Jalpaiguri district, North
Bengal were acquired.

The museum also received as gifts eightfold articles used by the
Burmese Buddhists, a standing figure of Radha in brass and a standing
image of Surya in stone datable to the 12th century.

Publications The following publications were released by the Museum

(i) Catalogue of Damascened & Bidri Arts.

(ii) Catalogue of Textiles in Cutch, Kathiawad.

(iii) Indian Museum Bulletin Vol. XVI.

(iv) Kishan Silver Coinage (Monograph No. 13).

(v) General Guide Book (English).

(vi) General Guide Book (Hindi).

Other Educational Activities Under the mass communication programmes of the Museum, two dance
demonstration programmes on Ramayana in Cho Style and Sakuntala in
Cho Style were performed by Padmasri Gambhir Singh Mura and Padmasri
Nepal Mehato and their parties from Purulia. Another Audio-visual pro-
gramme on Manasamangal was also performed based on folk music and
exhibition of folk art objects connected with the snake cult.

Under popular lecture series and gallery lectures, to correlate school
and college curriculum with museum education the following talks, either
illustrated with slides or followed by film shows, were organised :

1. Ancient Sybolism in Modern Indian and Western Art by
Mr. Richard Lanney, British author and art-historian.

2. Geological Significance of Calcutta by Mr. Sankarshan Roy,
Director, Geological Survey of India.

3. Appreciation of Arts Looking versus Seeing by Dr. Mulk Raj
Anand.

4. Postcard Paintings by Nandalal Bose by Mr. Purnandu Pattres.

5. Sei Samayar Kalkata by Mr. Sunil Gangopadhyay.

6. In the Museum of Japan and Korea by Mr. Shyamalkanti Chakra-
varti.

7. On Indus Valley Civilisation by Mr. Saikat Banerji.

8. Early man in India and the Indus by Mr. S. Chakravarti.

9. Scroll paintings from Tibet and Bengal by Smt. Sipra Chakravarti.

Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad The activities undertaken during the period under report under various
heads are as follows :

The Ivory Gallery and Marble Gallery have been taken up for reorga-
Reorganisation of Galleries nisation on modern scientific lines and the work is in progress. A sample
showcase for the Ivory Gallery has been approved and order for the manu-
facture of 17 new showcases has been placed.
http://education.nic.in/cd50years/12/8I/6W/8I6W0F01.htm

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 11:4 قبل از ظهر |

CAIS LOGO

CAIS

The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies

CAIS LOGO

The CAIS logo is depiction of a Sasanian platter found in Sâhigan-i Sepid (White-Palace) from the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties Imperial capital city of Tyspawn (Ctesiphone) in former Iranian province of Khvârvarân (what is today known as Iraq). The depiction is representation of Iranian legend fabulous bird Sên-Murv or Simurgh/Simorgh. The representation of this legendry creature can be found throughout Iranian world and their art (see pictures below).

The mythical bird, Simurgh, was depicted as a winged gigantic creature in the shape of a bird, that can carry an elephant or a camel; a kind of peacock with the head of a dog and the claws of a lion and sometimes it is shown with a human face.

Simurgh suckled it's young, due to being part mammal. It had an enmity towards snakes and its natural habitat is a place with plenty of water. In one ancient Iranian accounts, the Simurgh, was said to live for 1700 years before plunging itself into flames, and by later accounts is immortal and is said to have a nest in the Tree of Knowledge.

According to Iranian legend it is said that this bird is so old that it has seen the destruction of the world three times over. In all that time, Simurgh has learned so much that it is thought to possess the knowledge of all ages.

The bird which the Sasanian Iran believed imparted fertility to the land and the union between the earth and the sky. It roosted in the tree of life (Gaokerena), and lived in the land of the sacred Haoma plant, whose seeds could cure all evil.

In later Iranian lore, the Simurgh became a symbol of divinity. Sên-Murv/Simurgh is also in Persian literature identified as Homâ and in Arabic introduced as Rukh.

Depiction of Senmurv on Sasanian Textile

Sasanian Glass-work and Depiction of Senmurv

Depiction of Senmurv of Sasanian stone relief from Taq-i Bostan

Two Sasanian Silver & Golden vessels (above & below) depicting Senmurv

|+| نوشته شده توسط کار گروهی دانشجویان باستان شناسی زابل در شنبه هفتم مهر 1386 ساعت 10:58 قبل از ظهر |

Near Eastern Art and Archaeology (revised November 2004)

Photo Gallery

Archeological Excavation Shelters™, Tents, Yurt Domes™

MUSEUMS

I. MUSEUMS OF INDIAN ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY

Near Eastern Art and Archaeology

(revised November 2004)

Archeological Excavation Shelters^™, Tents, Yurt Domes^™